Organelles+that+produce+energy


 * Page 12. Q.14 Find information and draw a diagram that relates the endoplasmatic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.**



Similarities: They both have a double membrane and their own genetic material. They provide cells with energy.
 * Page 12. Question 15. ** **Write a small report that outlines the similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts.**

Differences:
 * **MITOCHONDRIA ** ||  **CHLOROPLASTS **  ||
 * Obtain energy through the process of **cell respiration** || They perform **photosynthesis** ||
 *  Mitochondria have an inner layer that is folded (**cristae)** and chloroplasts do not have this || Chloroplasts have disc-shaped sacs called **thylakoids** ||
 * They can be found in **all eukaryotic cells** || They **can only be found in the cells of the photosynthetic organisms** ||
 * They can be found in **all eukaryotic cells** || They **can only be found in the cells of the photosynthetic organisms** ||

Initial questions: What are the organelles that produce energy? They are mitochondria and chloroplasts Why can they function independently? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">They can function independently because they have their own genetic information.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">What are cilia and flagella formed by? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">They are formed by proteins fibres from the cytoskeleton <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">What coordinates the movement of cilia and flagella? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The centriole

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">What are lysosomes?

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;"> Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs that contain catalysts (digestive enzymes) used by the cell to digest waste products and other macromolecules. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">What are Mitochondria? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">Mitochondria are double-membrane-bound organelles that produce large amounts of energy (ATP)

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">What is the function of Centrioles? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">Centrioles are responsible for organizing microtubules that attach to chromosomes during cell division (mitosis). <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;"> Proteins synthesized by free ribosomes remain within the cell and function for cellular activities. Proteins synthesized on fixed ribosomes (1) are exported outside of the cell, (2) are incorporated into the plasma membrane, or (3) form enzymes within a new lysosome. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">What are cilia? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;"> Cilia are cytoplasmic projections whose beating-like movement moves materials along the exposed cell surface. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">What is the nuclear membrane? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;"> The nuclear envelope is the boundary around the nucleus that controls the entry and exit of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">What is chromatin? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">Chromatin is a strand of unwound DNA and its associated proteins. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">What are chromosomes? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;"> Chromosomes are the highest level of organization of genetic material. Within them, the molecule of DNA and associated proteins are tightly wound. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">What are the parts of Interphase? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;"> The parts of interphase are: the G1 phase, characterized by cell growth, protein production, and metabolic activities; the S phase, during which DNA is replicated prior to cell division and growth activities continue; and the G2 phase, characterized by completion of centriole replication, organelle production, and synthesis of proteins needed for cellular division.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">Explain the Mitosis stages. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">Mitosis stages: In Prophase, chromosomes appear after chromatin coils; the nucleolus breaks down; elongated microtubules grow from centrioles; and the nuclear envelope disappears. In Metaphase, chromosomes align in the equatorial middle of the cell. In Anaphase, microtubule strands pull sister chromatids apart at the equatorial middle of the cell. In Telophase, new chromosomes arrive at each pole of the new cells. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">What is apoptosis? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">. Programmed cell death is called apoptosis. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">What is the main characteristic of cancer? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;"> Cancer’s main characteristic is uncontrolled cell growth



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**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">Page 23 Question 52. Explain why the following statements are impossible. **

**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">a) __A bacterium produces pseudopods__ **

**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">Bacteria have a rigid cell wall, so they can not deform the membrane to form pseudopods **

**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">b) __A cell survives without genetic material__ **

**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">The genetic material controls and coordinates cell activity. The lack of genetic information will stop the cell from working efficiently and as a result, metabolic processes will not be carried out correctly. **

**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">c) __Sexual reproduction happens without meiosis__. **

**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">Gametes which are involved in sexual reproduction have half the number of chromosomes than somatic cells have. **

**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">In order to make gametes the process of meiosis is required. **

**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">d) __Mitosis occur without the mitotic spindle.__ **

**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">The mitotic spindle pulls each of the sister chromatids to a different pole. Without the mitotic spindle, the genetic material would not separate and therefore it would be shared incorrectly. ** **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">Page 23. ** **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">Question 54 ** **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">a) 2n-1 chromosomes. ** **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">When chromosomes are shared incorrectly during meiosis, a gamete that has n-1 chromosomes is produced. When this gamete (n-1) undergoes the process of fertilization with another gamete (n), a __zygote that has 2n-1 chromosomes is formed.__ ** **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">b) n-1 chromosomes ** **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;"> When a pair of homologous chromosomes does not separate during anaphase I of meiosis, the pole that has the pair of homologous chromosomes will form 2 gametes with n+1 chromosomes and the other pole will form __2 gametes with n-1 chromosomes, as it is missing a pair a chromosomes.__ ** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;"> Cell Worksheet and Mitosis with solutions <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 32px;">

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